Personal Narrative Mistaken Identity - 1302 Words

Mistaken Identity I have always been quiet and lonely, I find peace in being this way. I live in a high spot tucked away from everyone. After all, the people I live with have no clue I am living up here. I have lived here for a very long time, my whole life I believe. I stay hidden when I think someone is coming. This morning I was woke up from being so cold. I decide to creep over to the dusty window. I try not to make any noise to make sure I do not give myself away by being heard. I peek out the window and I see that the ground is pure white. I have always longed to be able to stretch out my legs on the real ground, but I am stuck here. It seems impossible to try and escape from here, I am scared I will get caught. Suddenly I†¦show more content†¦There is food left on the counter and it has attracted some bugs. I quickly grab some food and eat it there. It is too much of a hassle to bring food all the way upstairs. Once I am finished I clean up my evidence and leave thi ngs the way I found them. This is another precaution I take so I am not caught. On the way upstairs I pass the tree again and stare at it for some time. I decide to leave what I call a treasure on the tree. My treasures are what I make in my free time, which I have a lot of. Once I am back upstairs I crawl back into my bed and fall back to sleep from a full belly. Early this morning I was awoke from approaching footsteps. â€Å"It’s nice to be finally doing this.† said the mother as she steps into the attic. â€Å"We might find some old treasures up here.† As he sorts through several boxes. â€Å" I wonder if they are talking about my treasures?† I think to myself. While the couple were busy sorting through boxes, I remained in my bed. I put my bed in a huge hole in the wall. I placed it there for days like this, when I am barged in on and there is no time for me to hide. â€Å"EWWW!† the mother cries as she jumps away from a dead roach. â€Å" We need to call Pete today.† She says to the father as they both begin to leave the attic. â€Å"Okay I’ll call him now.† Says the father as he reaches in his pocket for his phone. â€Å"He’ll get this place cleanedShow MoreRelatedThemes Of American Psycho910 Words   |  4 Pagesappearances with daily workouts and beautification routines. This film reflects the â€Å"yuppie† culture of America in the 1980s, more specifically, the materialism/consumerism and identity that are desired by man in order to fit in and be accepted by society. The themes of needing to consume, conform, and needing to know your identity still resonates with today’s society. 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Many Christians have encountered this statement, which I thought this would be simplistic to address: 1. â€Å"Or some might protest that they just don’t know what is meant by God since this concept doesn’t remotely resemble anything we experience

Symptoms Of Rett Syndrome ( Rtt ) Usually Manifests As A...

Rett Syndrome (RTT) usually manifests as a severely debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder. This genetic disorder was once classified in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM IV and DSM IV-TR) as a part of Autism because many of the initial signs of the disorder, such as loss of receptive and expressive language skills, social/pragmatic skills, and stereotypical hand movements are traits expected to be seen in someone with Autism. However, there are key differences between the two disorders, namely the hand movements in Rett Syndrome are not the ones that are typically seen in ASD, children with Rett Syndrome often prefer people instead of objects and enjoy receiving affection from others. (RS.org ref) This disorder mostly presents in female children at a rate of 1:10,000-15,000 births and appears in every race and ethnic group around the world. This disorder rarely manifests in males, but when it does, the child usually does not survive, passing away shortly after birth (ninds). Rett Syndrome is thought to be caused by a mutation on the X chromosome in the MECP2 gene. There are four different types of Rett Syndrome including: typical or classic, early seizure or congenital onset, late onset, and preserved speech. (Rs.org) The diagnosis of either classic/typical RTT or a variant is done by a pediatric neurologist, developmental pediatrician, or a clinical geneticist (ninds) using a RTT Diagnostic Criteria Worksheet. According to Hagberg (2002), a child with classic RTT

Mean Girls Free Essays

English 101 11 December 2012 Long Assignment: Mean Girls Discourse Gee’s theory of Discourse is that mushfaking can never be successful without already being native within that Discourse or learning the Discourse early on through apprenticeship. The movie Mean Girls is an example to confirm Gee’s claims, but also the claim of constant resistance and reform to mushfake a dominant Discourse well, needs to be included. If the claim is not included, values will conflict between primary and secondary Discourses. We will write a custom essay sample on Mean Girls or any similar topic only for you Order Now The conflict of values in Mean Girls demonstrates the dangers of mushfaking a dominant Discourse and proves that mushfaking itself is not enough to become successful without resistance and reform efforts, which in consequence, will lead to identity conflicts and a retreat from the dominant Discourse. Gee expressed the primary Discourse as the identity learned early in life from parents and home society (Gee). In the movie Mean Girls, Cady Heron, the main character, is from Africa. Her primary Discourse is that of the values and beliefs instilled upon her from her parents and the society of Africa. The customs are completely different in Africa than they are in America, where Cady moves to attend high school after being homeschooled all her life. Throughout Cady’s journey in high school she is constantly making a reference to the way problems would have been dealt with in Africa. Whenever a problem would arise, Cady would imagine everyone acting like animals and settling the problem through a fight from dominance like actual animals would in Africa. Cady makes this reference because her primary Discourse presented that each problem should be solved in such a manner, that she believed this how a situation in America would be handled. With a strong connection to her primary Discourse, many conflicts and tension arose between Cady’s secondary Discourse and her primary Discourse. The first conflict comes from a test put in place to become part of the dominant Discourse. The dominant Discourse always preforms a Christmas dance at the school’s annual talent show. This dance is a scandalizing performance that showcases the dominant Discourse’s sex appeal and confirms Cady’s cceptance into the dominant Discourse. The short leather skirts, tight low cut leather shirts, and high-healed leather boots, conflict to the modest clothing of Cady’s primary Discourse. Cady’s parents were in the audience to watch the dance and gasped in shock and distaste to the way their daughter was now presenting hersel f to others. For Cady to continue to mushfake her way into the dominant Discourse, she had to perform the ultimate task, adding a person into the infamous Burn Book. The Burn Book is a scrapbook that holds pictures of every girl in the junior class (Mean Girls). A nasty rumor about them is added to make the dominant Discourse seem as though they are above all others. At this point Cady was still not included in the dominant Discourse, but she did go through with adding a new face into the Burn book to be accepted as one of them. In the end the Burn Book, after Cady admitted to being the author, was the main reason Cady was rejected by society as the head of the dominant Discourse and returned to her primary Discourse. The dominant Discourse told Cady through overt instruction how to become like them, which was also a key factor to her imminent downfall from the dominant Discourse. Cady learned how to become part of the dominant Discourse through overt instruction. Overt instruction is strictly telling a person how to become a part of a Discourse, rather than show them how to behave and act, apprenticeship. The dominant Discourse would tell Cady what to wear, when to wear it, who to talk to, and what clubs she could and could not join. By learning the way of the dominant Discourse through overt instruction rather than apprenticeship, Cady was not able to successfully mushfake the dominant Discourse for too long and eventually returned to her primary Discourse. While in Africa, Cady and her family were very close and spent a lot of time together. Once Cady moved from Africa and mushfakes enough to be accepted into the dominant Discourse, her sense of cohesiveness with her family begins to diminish. Cady did well in math while being homeschooled in Africa and was doing well in high-level calculus while in high school. Cady was asked to be a part of the mathletes but the mathletes were deemed as nerds to the dominant Discourse and would bring down their social status (Mean Girls). She then began to fail math tests to impress the dominant discourse and a popular guy, while appearing unintelligent to have the guy tutor her as well as proving worthy to become a part of the dominant Discourse. Her parents on the other hand, knew Cady was intelligent when it came to math, so when Cady started to bring home math tests with failing grades to have her parents sign the tests, they became worried that they pushed her to hard to join the public high school so early into moving. The conflict was that Cady was exceptionally good at math but she had to appear not to be in order to impress the dominant Discourse as well as the guy. She knew she was good at math and knew that she shouldn’t let her grades or parents down, but mushfaking math was a key point to become one in the dominant Discourse. Becoming a part of the dominant Discourse comes with certain responsibilities. Cady had to throw a party to become the head of the dominant discourse, but in order to throw this party she had to lie to her parents and cancel a family trip that had been in place for months. Tension arises when Cady can no longer be trusted by her parents for throwing the party and lying to them. During the party Cady’s main goal is to get together with the popular guy to confirm her place as the head of the dominant Discourse. While Cady is working on her plan for the popular guy, people throw sacred African urns that were given as parting gifts to her family from tribes in Africa. The throwing of the urns is an example of the two Discourses coming together. Cady’s secondary Discourse, the American high school crowd, clashed with her primary Discourse because Cady no longer cared about her primary Discourse or the throwing of the sacred urns, but only cared about her advancement in the secondary and dominant Discourse. In order to mushfake a dominant Discourse well, constant resistance and reform needs to be made. Cady was not willing to continue to reform to the needs of the dominant Discourse, so she fell from her mushfaked head position in the dominant Discourse to retreat back to her primary Discourse. She disassociated from the dominant Discourse and fell back into the non-dominant Discourse, the Discourse that does not bring social goods, but solidarity (Gee). Cady joined the mathletes and returned to the friends she made before she mushfaked her way into the dominant Discourse. Cady also fixes her relationship with her parents and the conflicts and tension with her primary Discourse. Works Cited Gee, James Paul. â€Å"What Is Literacy? † Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics: Introduction and What Is Literacy? Print. Mean Girls. Dir. Mark Walters. Perf. Lindsay Lohan. 2004. DVD. How to cite Mean Girls, Essay examples Mean Girls Free Essays Stacy Gregg Sociology M/W 11:30 Sociological Themes Sociology is everywhere we look, its everything thing we are, and can be described within everything we do. The traditional focuses of sociology have included social stratification, social class, culture, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, and deviance. As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects, such as health, medical, military and penal institutions, the Internet, and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Mean Girls or any similar topic only for you Order Now Looking through films you can see many sociological themes. I chose to look at â€Å"Mean Girls† and pull the sociological themes out. Mean Girls is a movie about a girl, Cady, who moves to the US from Africa and starts at a new school. She immediately befriends two outcasts, who explain the school’s social scene. There are a group of three girls (the â€Å"Plastics†) who are popular, malicious and rule the school. As a trick, these three girls befriend Cady. Her outcast friends encourage her to hang out with the Plastics to see what they do. But as she spends more time with them, she becomes more and more like them, backstabbing, mean, self-obsessed, and superficial. When Cady and the leader of the Plastics go after the same guy, she begins to plot their destruction, and starts sabotaging the girls in worse and worse ways. Eventually she separates from her original friends and her Plastic friends. When the entire school finds out about some of the terrible things the Plastics have said about them by finding a â€Å"Burn Book† everyone turns against the Plastics and Cady. Eventually, she must apologize to everyone she hurt and begin to find a way to become a better person. The first sociological theme I would like to address is stereotypes. A stereotype is defined as a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Mean Girls portrays high school stereo types rather well, at school there are groups such as try-hards, wannabes, burn-outs, band geeks, nerds, the popular girls, the jocks and art freaks. All the girls wants to be a plastic so to speak and they all display it in different ways like how the girls who eat nothing are trying to be thin so they can be like the plastics, but the girls who eat their feelings are also trying to be a plastic but by eating they are showing I don’t care what anybody thinks of me, which is a popular trait. Then when everyone is explaining Regina George and one girl says â€Å"One time she punched me in the face†¦ It was awesome! † this implies that this â€Å"wannabe† made contact with Regina George even though it is contact most people don’t what it is contact nonetheless which she hopes has passed on a bit of Regina George’s popularity. References: (2011, 04). â€Å"Mean Girls† Analysis. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 04, 2011, from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Mean-Girls-Analysis-676080. html How to cite Mean Girls, Essay examples Mean Girls Free Essays Celebrity Culture in Mean Girls Mean Girls, written by Tina Fey and directed by Mark Waters, takes Its viewers through high school from the perspective of Caddy Heron, a young girl who never known what â€Å"high school† genuinely meant. Upon arrival, she makes friends with Janis and Diana, who were in the stereotypical â€Å"unpopular† crowd. They warn her to stay away from â€Å"The Plastics†, an exclusive clique that includes three drama-filled girls who are superficial, spiteful, and have vicious attitudes that obtain their power and fame from beauty and glamour. We will write a custom essay sample on Mean Girls or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, â€Å"The Plastics† ask Caddy to Join them. Caddy, Janis, and Diana together plot against the leader of The Plastics, Regina George, the most monstrous of them all. In reality, the more time Caddy spends with The Plastics, the more she starts to actually become one. The Plastics themselves show how monstrous qualities are formed in celebrity culture, while the use of Caddy is the perfect example of how culture builds up celebrities to break them back down. The Plastics took Caddy, someone who was naive and candid, and turned her Into something she Is not through the manipulation of their own standards and rules. Celebrity culture heavily relies on qualities of manipulation. This was done through thru burn book, etc Rumors and lies are one are heavily used in manipulation. This is the epitome of celebrity gossip, shown in Mean Girls through Regina George. Regina finds out Caddy has a crush on Aaron Samuels, her ex boyfriend, and promises Caddy that she would talk to Aaron for her; however, Regina fabricates lies to Aaron; â€Å"She [Caddy] writes all over her notebook ‘Mrs.. Aaron Samuels’. And she made this tee-shirt that says, ‘l heart Aaron’, and she wears it under all her clothes†¦ She saved this Kleenex you used and she said she’s going to do some kind of African voodoo with it to make you like her†. Evidence In nineteenth century literature Is provided In Frankincense, when Victor Frankincense manipulates his monster through lies: He tells his monster he would create a female companion for him, and afterward declares â€Å"Bygone! I do break my promise: never will I create another like yourself, equal in deformity and wickedness† and proceeds â€Å"to [tear] to pieces the thing on which [he] was engaged† (175). Both Regina and Victor broke their promises, developing a kind of behavior that is so focused on policing others, they almost seem to lose track of themselves; they are so busy broadcasting what they hate, and so focused on consumption of their rival with their loathsome fascination, they do not realize their own personalities turn monstrous. They become so engrossed in this idea, they are unable to distinguish that this hate they developed is the sole reason for their viciousness and misery. This happens when one must realize one’s own identity Is crafted from the act of hating. It almost seems Like superficial celebrities In celebrity ultra love, yet hate, to be hated; yet they love the act of hating, and use this hate to surround their world. This kind of â€Å"high school† attitude filled with rumors and Lies that Regina possesses exists in the celebrity world, and if it continues, it will influence animosity and disgust, that a world of peace, accuracy, and love may no longer be accomplished. Another key to manipulation is secrecy. There are countless examples of this in Mean Girls. For example, the scene of The Plastics when they are all on the phone; When Gretchen was on the phone with Caddy, it turned out to be a three-way call with Regina, but Caddy didn’t know. This complexity progress when viewers realize the girls are all interlinked, all on the phone with each other on separate lines; Karen gets a call from Regina, puts her on hold, and proceeds to talk to Gretchen and says, â€Å"It’s Regina, she wants to hang out tonight but she told me not to tell you†. This is similar to the theme of secrecy in Frankincense: Victor states, â€Å"The world to me, is a secret, which I desired to discover† (26), â€Å"l have one secret, Elizabeth, a dreadful one; when revealed to you, it will chill your frame with horror† (218), and he refuses to tell the secret to his audience, telling them to â€Å"listen patiently until the end of [his] story, with which [he] is acquainted with† (44). This is similar to Mantilla, where â€Å"[her father] has a secret grief that destroys [them] both: but [he] must permit [Mantilla] to win this secret from [him]† (47). The fact that one possesses a secret, holds it vital, and purposely shields it from the world acknowledges a kind of unmoral sin, or practical wrongdoing; celebrities allow these secrets to internally eat them alive like in Frankincense and Mantilla, or whether it makes their behavior more aggressive eke in Mean Girls, these secrets have the ability to change and manipulate others. In celebrity culture, a secret is a form of power, yet vulnerability – a secret itself could stand for everything one can’t see. The public blows these secrets up with crazy ideas and provides evidence with the theories they project onto it. The secret could mean nothing, yet everything, at the same time. This is because that a secret exists. It does not matter what the secret actually is, because the people who spread the knowledge of the secret form its monstrosity. The people have ample opportunity to take control, seceding as a whole or individuals whether they want to make up a rumor, lie, tell the truth, say nothing, or contribute to the situation. The people are monsters, because they take complete control over the situation. An example of this is all of Lord’s â€Å"fans† who (most likely) made her miserable because they did not approve of the physical appearance of her boyfriend. [A concluding sentence is needed here] Manipulation is also acquired through self-pity, which is shown in Mean Girls with the Burn Book. The Burn Book, which belongs to Regina George, is a book essentially signed to bully her classmates: it has students’ pictures with mean phrases, secrets, and other things about them. Regina takes her book, puts her own picture on it, and writes something mean about herself. She then reports it to her school’s principal and says, â€Å"l found it in the girl’s bathroom! It’s so mean†. This is similar to when Victor seeks sympathy from Elizabeth in Frankincense: â€Å"If you knew what I have suffered from, and what I may yet endure, you would endeavor to let me taste the quiet, and freedom from despair, that this one day at least permits me to enjoy’ (222). In The Complete Poems and Selected Letters of John Keats, in a short poem called â€Å"When I have Fears†, self-pity is asked for when Keats shows he is in pain, likes the pain, and wants to be acknowledged for his pain: â€Å"Of the wide world I stand alone, and think Till love and fame to nothingness do sink† (301). Just like Keats and Shelley, their own needs. Regina did this Just so she could get Caddy in trouble, Frankincense did this to make it look like it wasn’t entirely his fault for the monster’s actions, and Keats uses his fans’ sympathy to become liked. The public falls into a part of this ultra, where one blames someone else; even the victims themselves get blamed for fault. Besides from celebrities’ success, looks, and wealth, it is not uncommon for the public to condone that they are people, humans, Just like them. The public is essentially casting a negative eye upon themselves. Celebrities have people who work with them to help mold their image, but the impossible standards of beauty and perfection they try to fulfill originates from the endless, harsh scrutiny the public places upon them. When a celebrity breaks this image, or differs from the norm, they automatically are seen as monstrous, resulting in sneering and degrading comments from fans. This monstrosity on the celebrities has a counter-effect on the fans; every time there is a mean comment, they are normalizing harsh Judgment, extreme reactions, and offensive language. Celebrity culture takes the blame on how the public has developed a cruel society, through self-pity. Another quality of manipulation used in celebrity culture is feigning their own innocence; this is seen quite often in Mean Girls. Gretchen bullies Regina for violating the rules of their â€Å"girl world† by wearing sweatpants on Monday, and Regina lams she is forced to wear sweatpants because, â€Å"sweatpants are all that fits [her] right now’, implying she is â€Å"innocent† because it is not her fault she has to wear those. Another scene is where Regina claims innocence is during lecture, (â€Å"workshop†), in the gym, after the Burn Book is discovered: Regina claims, â€Å"Can I Just say we don’t have a clique problem at this school, and some of us shouldn’t have to take this workshops because some of us are victims in this situation? Regina implies she is â€Å"innocent†, and she herself is a victim. The teacher responds, â€Å"That’s probably rue, how many of you have ever felt personally victimize by Regina George? † Actual innocence and feigning innocence is a huge role in Frankincense: though Victor blames himself for the monster killing his family, despite his creation, he convinces himself that he is â€Å"innocent† and expresses how he feels like the victim. Victor is a contradiction: he is innocent, yet, uses that to his advantage to feign his innocence. He is innocent because he has never intended his creation to turn into an actual form of monstrosity, but yet, feigns innocence by his hiding his guilt and hiding his knowledge about his family’s deaths. Victor’s innocence decreases over time throughout the novel; his â€Å"UN-innocent† behavior destroys the monster’s innocence. Victor is performing an act that could be considered â€Å"monstrous† in manipulation by taking away the genuine innocence of one who was never given a chance to prove that innocence. At first Victor decides to â€Å"at least listen to [the monster’s] tale† (105), but later on, he decides to â€Å"tore to pieces†¦ The thing on which the creature’s] future existence he depended for happiness† (190), not giving the monster a chance to uphold its promise. Celebrities start out with genuine innocence, become corrupted, and may attempt to feign their innocence through their roles – However, once celebrities feign their innocence they are portrayed as â€Å"monstrous†, they are not given a chance to stick up for themselves properly without media and public interference. Lindsay Loan, off the set of Mean Girls, got into drugs, which could â€Å"feign innocence†, and assume that she had no role in her fans doing drugs. According to Good Charlotte, this kind of manipulation is the price of having a lifestyle of â€Å"the rich and the famous† (song lyrics). The most vital quality in manipulation is the key tactic in order to be able to get away with spreading rumors and lies, maintain secrecy, create self-pity, and feign illness. Control itself is the piece that connects all of these qualities. Throughout Mean Girls, there are many scenes were one of The Plastics are in control: At the talent show at school, Regina demands for Gretchen to switch sides with Caddy. When Gretchen protests, Regina says, â€Å"Right now you’re getting on my last nerve. Switch! † Gretchen acknowledges this control by obeying. Caddy was also acknowledging control hen she fulfills Region’s invite to eat lunch with them â€Å"everyday for the rest of the week†. In the beginning of the movie, Regina took control of Caddy social life. Halfway through, Caddy became the center of attention; she gained control of Region’s previous fame and publicity and made it her own. The previous examples also hint at some aspect of control. Control is also seen in Frankincense, where the monster says, Mimi are my creator, but I am your master;-obey! (174). Victor chooses condone the monster, and the monster responds by taking control, killing all of Victor’s family embers. Control in Charitable is implied when Geraldine takes on a role of masculinity: â€Å"lay down by the maiden’s side: And in her arms the maid she took† (250-251). In The Major Works, â€Å"Farewell to a Lady’ by Lord Byron shows how a womanâ€⠄¢s beauty takes control of his life: â€Å"In flight I shall be surely wise, Escaping from temptation’s snare; I cannot view my Paradise, Without the wish of dwelling there† (1). By the word â€Å"flight†, viewers can assume he is going to commit suicide as a means to control the elimination of all ties with the Earthly Paradise’s temptation. This kind of intro can relate to monstrosity and celebrity culture in a number of ways; first, one can see that the society of celebrity culture is so monstrously powerful, it is out of the control of the public to change it. Only the celebrities themselves have control of their own lives and culture and how they want to live it. Second, celebrity culture has so much control and influence over their audience, that they are not only controlling their own lives, but dominating American culture as a whole. By celebrities constantly sleeping with one another, taking part in the lies, secrecy, self-pity, and feigning their innocence inspires the public to act in the same manner. Third, by the news being so obsessed with the daily lives of celebrities, it almost implies as if they are encouraging the public to become more and more like celebrity stalkers. Lastly, they manipulate the public into believing their redefined definition of happiness, which solely consists of money, fame, and beauty. Rumors, lies, secrecy, self-pity, feigning innocence, and control all tangle together to layer and overlap and form manipulation; celebrity manipulators do not only have control of their own world, but also wish to control the world of others. This allows them to occupy both worlds at the same time, with their rules, in their way: how much more control could a person possibly want? These qualities of manipulation in celebrity culture are allowing people to lose touch with things that are the most important in life, like friends and family. Celebrity culture is so controlling that it even takes over the roles of others. In Celebrity Culture: Are Americans Too Focused on Celebrities, Tompkins, a group an example of how celebrities are taking the roles of [super] heroes: â€Å"When I ask allege and high school students who their heroes are, they usually name celebrities, such as athletes or movie stars, not names that did something heroic or noteworthy. (Tompkins 4). Celebrity culture is now one of our prime sources of entertainment; ultimately, celebrity culture manipulates to control their audience’s society in such a monstrous way so they are not able to distinguish the difference between genuine importance and the importance of celebrity news. One day, I fear genuinely important news, (politics, world news, emergency issues) will be ignored unless it i s presented as a source of entertainment, like celebrity culture. How to cite Mean Girls, Papers

Development of Red Pulp Macrophages †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Development of Red Pulp Macrophages. Answer: Introduction Crayfish absorbs sodium and chloride ions from very dilute solutions. Absorption is continuous as part of salt balance mechanism. There is a salt balance when the salt uptake rate equals the total salt lost. The crayfish for this experiment was acclimated to low sodium concentration for two weeks. This experiment intends to investigate how sodium is absorbed and lost by crayfish to its environment. The Crayfish was rinsed off with distilled water and its weight recorded. It was placed in the measured volume of the appropriate experimental sodium concentration. After five minutes time 0 sample was taken by removing a 5ml water sample into a clean tube and time recorded. This step was repeated at 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Using the correct worksheet calibration curve, values were entered into the grey cells, and sample photometer readings were added to obtain sodium concentration for the sample. The values for the medium sodium concentration and uptake rate were then entered on the class results table on the whiteboard before leaving the laboratory. On week two, a worksheet was provided and the data was filled in to complete it. All the green cells were filled The mean and standard error values were calculated both for the sodium concentration in the water and sodium influx rate. Passive sodium loss was determined, and Jmax values were derived Freshwater crayfish are hyperosmotic regulators that live in streams whose sodium concentrations are lower than that of their blood. Environment sodium concentration ranges between 0.05 to 1 mm/l while that of the blood is greater than 200 mm/l. The mass of the crayfish after rinsing off with distilled water was 33.117g while the mean value for the sodium concentration was 0.074 with a sodium concentration uptake rate of 0.156mol/g.h. The results showed the Passive sodium loss rate in the crayfish to be at 0.130 mol/g.h. Since sodium influx is achieved by specific membrane protein, then the maximal flux capacity of the sodium was 5.33 mol/g.h with a transport affinity of 1.82mmol/h.Freshwater Crayfish and its surroundings have an indirectly proportional relationship. It is shown evidently in the results of the experiment when the external sodium concentration rises as the internal concentration decreases. This is because freshwater crayfish are osmoregulators and they need to balance the internal and external environments. Ions are lost continuously from the crayfish to its environment across the gills. The amount of sodium lost depends on the difference in sodium concentration inside the animal and its environment (Juel et al., 2013). Since the animal loses a lot of sodium, there is need of compensating for this and can be achieved by absorbing ions from the medium using specialized cells in the gills.These are two bean shaped organs on the spine located below the ribs and behind the belly. They are designed for filtering the blood, controlling the balance of the body fluids, keeping the right levels of electrolytes and getting rid of waste (Kohyama et al., 2009). Each kidney contains tiny filters known as nephrons. Kidney failure can occur when blood stops flowing in. When the blood enters the kidney, waste is get rid of, and then salt, minerals and water are adjusted if need be. The blood which is filtered goes back into the body while the remaining is turne d into urine. The urine assembles in the pelvis of the kidney which drains down the ureter to the bladder.Kidneys are part of the urinary system. There are 6 basic functions of the kidney namely, hormone production, waste and toxins excretion, PH, ion concentrations, osmolarity and external volume regulation. Antidiuretic hormone is responsible for controlling reabsorption of water in the collecting duct (Razani, Woodman, Lisanti, 2002). Sodium ions present in the proximal tubule are then reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. The chlorides passing across the epithelium take the transcellular route during their movement. Water diffuses across the concentration gradient when crossing the epithelium. Reabsorption of glucose in the kidney tubule is determined by the presence or lack of the glucose cotransporter known as the SGLT1 and 2 (Motohashi et al., 2002). The kidney function is measured by inulin which determines the rate of glomerular filtration. Maintenance of systematic acid/base balance is made possible by the proximal tubule. In the proximal tubule, the angiotensin II increases regulation of water and sodium excretion. The protein inside red blood cells is hemoglobin and it carries oxygen. They are inside the bone marrow and lives for about 120 days before death (Perico et al., 2004).1ml of mammalian blood was diluted using 5 ml of saline which was isotonic in a glass test-tube and mixed. 1ml of blood was diluted using 5 ml tap water and mixed. The same volume of blood in step 2 was added to 5 ml of each of the isosmotic test solutes. Membranes of the red blood cells are is-osmotic with the blood plasma and have high permeability to water. Osmotic concentration of the cell is encompasses proteins and other solutes that cannot cross the blood cell membrane and are impermeable. It also contains permeable sodium and chloride ions. Due to this, there is a gradient for sodium ions to diffuse from plasma into the cells. The cell therefore needs to correct this by pumping out excess sodium ions through the sodium pump. When placed in a hypo-osmotic solution, water moves into the cell leading to swelling and eventually bursting of the cell. The bursting of the cell is known as hemolysis (Prtner, Langenbuch, Reipschlger, 2004). Hemoglobin is released into the solution when the cell ruptures. Hemolysis is directly proportional to the permeability of the solute. Hemolysis is caused by streptomycin enzyme. References Juel, C., Lundby, C., Sander, M., Calbet, J. A. L., Hall, G. V. (2003). Human skeletal muscle and erythrocyte proteins involved in acid?base homeostasis: adaptations to chronic hypoxia. The Journal of physiology, 548(2), 639-648. Kohyama, M., Ise, W., Edelson, B. T., Wilker, P. R., Hildner, K., Mejia, C., ... Murphy, K. M. (2009). Role for Spi-C in the development of red pulp macrophages and splenic iron homeostasis. Nature, 457(7227), 318. Motohashi, H., Sakurai, Y., Saito, H., Masuda, S., Urakami, Y., Goto, M., ... Inui, K. I. (2002). Gene expression levels and immunolocalization of organic ion transporters in the human kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(4), 866-874. Perico, N., Cattaneo, D., Sayegh, M. H., Remuzzi, G. (2004). Delayed graft function in kidney transplantation. The Lancet, 364(9447), 1814-1827. Prtner, H. O., Langenbuch, M., Reipschlger, A. (2004). Biological impact of elevated ocean CO 2 concentrations: lessons from animal physiology and earth history. Journal of Oceanography, 60(4), 705-718. Razani, B., Woodman, S. E., Lisanti, M. P. (2002). Caveolae: from cell biology to animal physiology. Pharmacological reviews, 54(3), 431-467.

The cage Essays - Crips, , Term Papers, Research Papers

The cage A prison guard stands two feet in front of me. The guard is Henry my C.O. a 62, 260 pounds, dark charcoal skin male. Henrys blood shot eyes are staring directly at my soul. He is screaming my number, 0-3-4-7-1-5-6! Ready for class. I nod; my clean sandals and hand creased khaki uniform are impeccable. I am ready for another day of school in Chinos maximum-security level young adult correctional facility. As I am told to stand facing the white-less graffiti wall my mind wonders. My legs and hands are at a spread eagle pose. I am padded down, for my teachers safety. After the quick search I am told to be in a duck and cover position. Henry handcuffs me and then proceeds to cuff my legs. He pulls me up and my journey to class begins. Herman G. Stark schooling made me think of different possibilities in life. As my mind wonder off, dreaming of a better life and a new tomorrow I realized that this was the place that would change my life.The State of California is required to educate juven iles even in prison. I had never cared about my feature, schooling, or my success. All of my concerns were about my neighborhood gang. I was born a gang member; my mother, uncles, aunt, cousins, and my two dead brothers have all belong to the same gang. I never took an interest in school or life. All my attention was focuses on being the hardest and craziest gangster ever to walk the dark lonely alleys in my neighborhood.First of all I was forced to go to school at Laurel Elementary in Oceanside. At the age of ten I was already in probation so if I missed classes more than twice a week, I would sometimes find a police officer or my probation officer in my front door the next morning. Ditching class or not attending school was a violation of probation so I was forced to attend. When my day at school was over I would spend my time selling drugs or stealing from my classmates. At night my time was spent using drugs such as marihuana or meth, stealing from cars, houses, stores, and from people. Due to the slack of sleep an interest in school, I was sent to a continuation school.My second school was named Mission Clair Burner also in Oceanside, this school was specially for drug addicts, trouble makers, gang members and mentally challenge kids; a ten room, dark brown building with no playground or lunchroom. The only thing I like about this school is that unlike any eight hour regular school this one was only five hours long. I dislike this school because in my first day in this war zone I was confronted by a crip gang. Five crip gang members with not so friendly faces walk up to me. Lil Wyno, a half African-American and Mexican crip, pulled a double bladed butterfly knife assuming I would be scared and ask me, where you from cuz. I swiftly answer diecisies veinte locotes rifa. After my answer, he stared at the tattoos in my left hand knuckles. V P L S 20s my knuckles read and after looking at my tattoos they retreated. The next day I was not so lucky. A new studen t was transfer from Lincoln Junior High School. Toker is the nick-name he went by, a rival gang member. He got sent to my classroom. I remember as he walk in the classroom trough the metal detector feeling all cool and smiling; he suddenly stop his face gesture change quickly as he looked at me with dreadful eyes. I got up from my chair and went to introduce him a punch to his left cheek. The professor tried to stop us, but only got hurt in the process. This is the reason I got expelled from continu...Read entire d

HOMEWORK # 2 Essays - Phylogenetics, Biology, Free Essays

HOMEWORK # 2 Essays - Phylogenetics, Biology, Free Essays HOMEWORK # 2 CONSTRUCTING PHYLOGENIES Below are two sets of amino acid sequences from 6 different species numbered 1-6. Using what we have learned about constructing phylogenetic trees (refer to your notes and textbook) draw a phylogenetic tree (hypothesis about relationships) based on the similarities shared among the 6 species in each data set. Note: the 6 species are the same in each dataset and you should have one phylogenetic hypothesis (tree) for each set of sequences. Protein Sequence Set A Species 5 GNAGYGAEALERM Species 6 GNAGYGAEALERM Species 2 NHAAFGAEALERM Species 3 NHSAYGAEALERM Species 1 AHAGYGAEALERM Species 4 GHAGYGGEALDRT Protein Sequence Set B Species 5 LCNSIGSLFQTFSI Species 6 LCNSTGSLFQTFAI Species 2 LCNSTGSLFQTFAI Species 3 LCNSTGSLFQTFAI Species 1 LCNSIGSLFQTFSI Species 4 LCNSIGSLFQTFSI Questions: If the two different sets of sequences result in different hypotheses, what might explain these differences (think about what we've been discussing in class)? What types of additional information would you need to decide among the different hypotheses? Which of the trees is the preferred tree and why?

How information gives competitive advantages Assignment

How information gives competitive advantages - Assignment Example It further provides tools that assist companies to apply the metrics and analytical elements to their information sources and this enables them to recognize the chances for growth and identify ways they can enhance operational efficiency. The three main forms of information systems, which are developed and employed for general usage, include financial, operational and strategic systems where these classifications do not have mutual exclusivity as they constantly intertwine. Financial and operational systems, which are meticulously designed, may develop to become the strategic systems associated with specific organizations. Financial systems can be considered as simple computerizations of processes that involve accounts, budgets and finance in a company (Hopper 27). They are alike and universal in all firms, as computers have demonstrated to be perfect for mechanizing and controlling or financial systems, like personnel operations since head-counting controls and workforce of an organization are significant to financial concerns. Financial systems are supposed to be employed among the bases for the rest of the systems as they provide a universal and controlled assessment of all the operations and projects and have the ability to supply dependable numbers that indicate departmental success. Planning across the company must be linked to financial analysis and there are always greater opportunities in the development of strategic systems when financial systems exist as the needed figured can easily be retrieved. On the other hand, operational systems, which are also considered as service systems, assist in controlling the details associated with the company and these systems are different based on the nature of the enterprise. Typically, they are computer systems needed by operational managers to assist in running of the business based on routing. They are ordinary systems that are valuable in keeping track of inventory among other functions as

Management (forms of organizations) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management (forms of organizations) - Essay Example The decisional role is a formal role to the manager, it entails the following roles: the entrepreneur role in which the manager makes decision that help an organization to adopt to changing environment, Disturbance handling role which involves a response to pressure, the negotiation role and lastly the resource allocation role which involves resource allocation decisions. According to Robert Reich (1991), he says that today workers skills are based on manipulation of data to add value to products or services; he outlined four fundamental skills which include the ability for abstract thinking and conceptualization, collaboration, systems thinking and experimentation. Managerial skills include skills that motivate workers, skills to carry out negotiations, conflict resolution skills, skills to develop relationships, information management skills, decision making skills, resource allocation skills, role playing skills and also entrepreneurial skills that encourage innovations. Other skills would include being reliable and responsible, addressing his work in an organizational way, paying attention, communication with subordinates and other people in the organization, setting realistic goals in the organization, having a supportive attitude and forming positive relationships. Are managers job universal: Organizations have changed over time from the industrial age to the current information change, during the industrialization age of early 20th century there was a clear hierarchical structure of organizations, clear career paths and stable employment patterns. It is evident that management is globally the same in all countries despite some differences, the 1990s recession led to a reduction in the number of workers and restructuring their organizational structures, in many countries due to a recession i.e.: Japan, Germany, Australia and US. This down sizing led to a reduction in salary expenditures which in turn resulted to increased organizational productivity. Other changes that have occurred in organizational structure is the mega mergers, this include the merging of two or more organization to form one organization, example Exxon and mobile oil companies, Time Warner and AOL company. This change can only occur if the two organizations are of the same type or deal in the same product. The introduction of semi permanent employment has been adopted by many organizations; according to a study by William Bridge he noted that US temporary employees were more than permanent employees in IBM or General Motors. Manager in some organizations do not work in their offices an example is the regional manager

Preventing vent acquired pneumonia (VAP) in the icu Essay

Preventing vent acquired pneumonia (VAP) in the icu - Essay Example Microbiological surveillance is important because it prevents emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria and also in determining empirical therapy for patients with VAP. According to Babcock et al (2004), educating health professionals about prevention of VAP is critical for prevention of not only VAP, but also various nosocomial infections. Similar reports were delivered by Needleman et al (2002) and Cho et al (2003). Another important strategy for prevention of VAP is early extubation and this is possible by following certain extubation protocols like interruption of sedation every day. According to Cook et al (2000), decreased time of mechanical ventilation decreases the risk of aspiration and consequently decreases VAP risk. The third strategy useful to prevent VAP is prevention of aspiration. Nieuwenhoven et al (2006) have reported that evevation of bed at 45 degrees prevents aspiration. Timely drainage of secretions in the subglottic region which get contaminated easily (Bonten et al. 2004), avoiding manipulation of fluids in the ventilator circuits (Han and Liu, 2010) and use appropriate endotracheal cuff pressure (Valencia et al. 2007) also prevent aspiration of contaminated fluids and secretions. There are several decontamination strategies which have been advocated for prevention of VAP. Some drugs like chlorhexidine are useful for oral decontamination. Selective decontamination of the intestines is possible by using antibiotics like polymyxin which are non-absorbable (Bonten and Krueger, 2006). Babcock, H.M., Zack, J.E., Garrison, T., Trovillion, E., Jones, M., Fraser, V.J. et al. (2004) An educational intervention to reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in an integrated health system: a comparison of effects. Chest, 125, 2224–2231. Tablan, O.C., Anderson, L.J., Besser, R., Bridges, C. and Hajjeh, R. (2004) Guidelines for preventing health-care–associated pneumonia, 2003:

Building Peace After Armed Conflict in Bosnia

Building Peace After Armed Conflict in Bosnia Provide a critical assessment of international efforts to build peace after armed conflict in Bosnia The Bosnian War broke out in March 1992, and persisted virulently along ethnic lines until the signature of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina on December 14, 1995. Also known as the Dayton Accords, the peace treaty was arguably the international community’s [1] most substantial contribution to ending the armed conflict. Many observers and Bosnians assess the immediate goals of the Dayton Accords as successful: Bosnians are no longer at war, and NATO forces enforced peace with few casualties. [2] Yet, while the Dayton Accords ended the war, the structural framework that it set up perpetuates the confrontation that drove the conflict. Thus, durable peace remains elusive. This paper critically assesses the international community’s strategy to build peace in post-armed conflict Bosnia by analysing three main variables: policy, political economy, and security and rule-of-law. This paper can do justice in a brief analysis to the complex dyna mics and issues of post-war Bosnia. Nonetheless, it demonstrates that the need for cooperative, local peacebuilding ownership is dire, and Bosnia requires systemic reform to enable it. Bosnia and the international actors have made great strides in forming positive peace. To date, however, the international coalition has lacked the political will and foresight to address the conflict’s underlying issues, creating a status quo that is unsustainable in the long term. The Dayton Accords structured Bosnia as one state with two autonomous components: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS). [3] The Accords institutionalised dysfunction within the political system, creating a state with uncertain capacity and legitimacy that relies on international actors and institutions. [4] Bosnia’s problems during war consisted of massacre, rape, and ethnic cleansing; today, Bosnia must deal with lawlessness, corruption, and economic stagnation. Overcoming the latter issues is critical to social, political, and economic growth. Since the end of armed conflict in December 1995, the international coalition has been attempting to transform power in war-torn Bosnia to realize a prosperous future. An effective transformation simultaneously addresses political, political-economic, and security dynamics. [5] The international community approaches these variables disparately and therefore counterproductively, detrimentally affe cting social, political, and economic development. Transforming political power and promoting self-governance A political transformation entails channelling the competition for power through non-violent outlets, most simply manifested through free and fair elections and legitimate governance. [6] Competition in Bosnia is now focused non-violently through its political system, though this accomplishment is only a half-success. The Dayton Accords implemented a highly fractured political system that has led to a fragmented state; ethnic rivalries—relatively quiescent under Josip Tito’s Yugoslavian regime, but enflamed through the conflicts following its dissolution—are entrenched in every political decision. [7] Bosnia’s decentralised power sharing prevents violence, but it does not promote peace; it instigates political gridlock. While the decentralisation may have been necessary to frame a successful peace agreement, the systemic dysfunction was not a necessary outcome of the armed conflict. Rather, it is (at least in part) a result of rushed elections after Dayton , propped up by an inefficient electoral system. [8] This is in addition to a failure to support the creation of alternative political and social projects in civil society, which exists isolated from Bosnia’s socio-political context. [9] The international coalition hoped that the Dayton Accords would lead to a political and social system that would help Bosnians develop a shared Bosnian identity. [10] The Accord had the opposite effect. In order to secure Bosnian-Serb support during peace talks, the negotiators agreed to establish a weak central government that would lack authority over ethnically based entities. Bosnia separated into two autonomous regions with 13 overlapping constitutions, officially dividing Bosnians into three separate ethnic groups. [11] After concluding negotiations, the international community rushed elections with a counter-productive electoral system. Rather than encourage compromise across divisions, the system reinforced ethnocentrism and the power of obstinate, nationalistic leaders. [12] Voters consistently cast ballots along ethnic lines, and the cumbersome political system masks corruption and incompetence once the leaders are in office. [13] The nationalists that entered office follow ing the Dayton Accords delayed institutional development that may have worked to unify the highly fractured society, out of fear of giving one party too much power. [14]This has become a pattern, with the main nationalist parties from Bosniak, Serb, and Croat factions maintaining control of the country’s three-seat presidency after elections in October 2014. [15] In the current system, no party has incentive to cooperate with another, and its decentralized nature allows one party to paralyze the frequently protracted negotiations that precede nearly every decision. [16] Political inaction has compelled the High Representative, with the power to force legislation and dismiss elected officials, to intervene multiple times. Meanwhile, doing so stymies democratic development toward a self-governing state independent of any international administrator. [17] The constitutional structure requires reform, though change proves to be difficult. To its credit, the international community has recognized this. However, diverse packages of carrots and sticks to incentivize economic and political progressincluding prospective European Union membership and sanctions, respectively proved ineffective. Even using these potent weapons, it has not been possible to force amendments to the constitution, says Matthew Parish, a former legal advisor to the international supervisor of Bosnias Brcko Districtks. [18] Nonetheless, the European Union and NATO continue to dangle membership prospects in front of the Bosnian government in hopes of encouraging reform. Any reform to improve the political system would likely strengthen the central government, thereby weakening the RS. This is the impasse between BiH and the RS. The RS frequently threatens secession in response to centralisation efforts. [19] There is no guarantee that movement toward EU or NATO member ship would end the zero-sum relationship between the RS and BiH. Instead, a strong civil society may be a viable method to resolve tensions between the two entities. The OSCE [20]has defined civil society in Bosnia as ‘the sum of public wills that act independently of the state without obstructing the state in carrying out its responsibilities’. [21]It is a space where civilian collectivization, through a diverse set of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), counterbalances the state’s power and prevents it from dominating society. [22] Ideally, a strong and functioning civil society would generate tolerance, modernisation and social participation, emphasising local participation in peacebuilding. [23] Given this potential, the international community has exerted significant effort to cultivate a strong civil society. Despite its attempts, however, the international community’s extensive influence in the country undermines its efforts. International efforts to bolster civil society growth are more often associated with the quantity of NGOs rather than their quality, and Bosnian citizens see civil society building programs as discounting local history and social dynamics. [24] Further undercutting its significance, political officials are arguably more accountable to the international community than to their voters. The High Representative ultimately determines the course of Bosnia’s politics. ‘Thus, the expectation that local organizations will hold political leaders accountable is a fundamental illusion,’ and civil society will remain weak and insecure. [25] Bosnian politics—opaque, unaccountable, and corrupt—are consequentially unaccountable to civilians. [26] The constitutional structure, while preventing violence, maintains ethnic tensions and causes citizens to pragmatically adhere to ethnic politics in response to their perceived insecurity and lack of political participation . [27] A strong civil society is not an antidote for Bosnian politics’ ills, though it is vital for long-term democratic growth. [28] Presently, citizens’ insecurity and its isolation from the state provide it with little space to promote reconciliation and contribute to peace. Establishing security and the rule of law While it may not necessarily be causal, one of the most accurate predictors of whether or not a state will descend into civil war is whether it has already experienced one. [29] A vital factor to prevent resurgent conflict is to establish a secure environment which precludes militant factions from pursuing goals through violence. [30] It is equally important to secure this environment with an institutional capacity to maintain the rule of law and to exact justice. [31] The international community in Bosnia has prevented conflict relapse, though it has done so by institutionalising the conflict, maintaining tensions. Simply put, the international community has created an environment in which it is costlier to fight a war than it is to compete for power through politics. [32] While resurging war may not be a likely possibility, Bosnia is mired in corruption, organized crime, ethnic tension, and violence that prevents political, social, and economic development—maintaining a stat us quo between armed conflict and durable peace. This is partially a result of internationally mandated post-conflict amnesty laws, prolonged war-criminal prosecutions, and a failure to transform the wartime economy into a legitimate formal economy. The international community demanded the establishment of the Federal Amnesty Law to prevent political prosecution of returning refugees, draft dodgers, and soldiers ‘charged with a crime, other than serious violation of international humanitarian law.’ [33] The international community intended to provide Bosnian citizens security whilst they rebuild their lives following the conflict. A number of Bosnian politicians and elites took advantage of the amnesty laws to include crimes like illegal commerce, tax evasion, and illegal use of humanitarian aid, and they expanded the time the amnesty covered to include January 1991. [34] These pardoned offenses may have provided relief to a number of soldiers that had committed regular wartime acts in line with the terms of the Amnesty Law. However, the expanded time-period also provided cover for corrupt officials’ crimes more than a year prior to the war. Amnesty laws forced prosecutors to drop pending investigations and i ndictments for politicians in the main nationalist parties, allowing them to continue to compete for power after the war. International actors sought prosecution for the alleged criminals that the Amnesty Law did not excuse. Chief among these prosecutions was that of the leaders of the warring factions for committing crimes against humanity, including genocide. As the international community saw was necessary following the Second World War, the Rwandan Genocide, and East Timor, justice is often requisite to attain durable peace. [35] The international community lacked the political will after the Dayton Accords to pursue war criminals for arrest, despite indicting them for their acts. The United States, for one, NATO’s member with the greatest capacity for force, refused to risk another Somalia-like war criminal hunt. The international tribunal had to rely on its member states to extradite the alleged criminals. This proved ineffective until the early 2000s: the international community was unwilling to take meaningful action to hasten or force extradition, and the states where war criminals resid ed were either unwilling or incapable of pursuing them. [36] Nearly twenty years after the war’s end, Ratko MladiĆ¡, Radovan KaradÃ…Â ¾iĆ¡, Goran HadÃ…Â ¾iĆ¡, and Vojislav Ã…  eÃ… ¡eljfour of the conflict’s most notorious war criminalsremain on trial. While 141 proceedings of the 161 indicted criminals have concluded, many critics state that the international tribunal has taken far too long to bring the accused to trial, and that those who have been found guilty have received lenient sentences. [37] This perceived lack of justice prevents closure, and perpetuates the doctrine of collective guilt over individual responsibility for atrocities. As a 2013 UN poll demonstrated, Bosnians must reconcile their past before they embrace their future. [38] The international community’s role in this has so far been mixed: the atmosphere of impunity is now over, though the results have been demonstrably underwhelming. [39] Bosnia’s unreformed political economy The World Bank estimates that Bosnia’s shadow economy composes X percent of its GDP. [40] The formal, legitimate economy remains highly dependent on external support, and founders in comparison to the underground market. The Dayton Accords catalysed an internationally led privatisation effort that led to rent-seeking and corruption; organized crime is woven tightly through the public and private sectors. Consequentially, the current situation in Bosnia is rife with contradicting relationships: the shadow economy complicates peacebuilding and international efforts, though international intervention has fuelled organized crime; moreover, while the clandestine economy frustrates reconstruction, citizens depend on it for survivalthe formal economy cannot support them. [41] The international community imposed an arms embargo on Bosnia in September 1991. The Bosnian-Serbs were better positioned geographically and financially to circumvent the embargo, and armed themselves through relatively accessible smuggling channels. [42] The Bosnian faction relied on international actors and, despite the United States’ tacit refusal to enforce the embargo and Iran’s assistance, was unable to obtain much more than small arms. At the start of the war, the Bosnian-Serbs possessed far superior artillery and firepower, outgunning the Bosnians nine to one. [43] Partially because of the military imbalance, the Bosnian-Serb forces were able to stage the longest siege in modern history on Sarajevo. Supplemented by the UN’s massive humanitarian relief aid effort, the Bosnians survived the siege through its reliance on diverse and ubiquitous smuggling networks—which the international community supported, often directly. [44] People most connected to the underground economy allowed the war economy, and thus the people, to survive. Throughout each side of the conflict, the newly enriched criminal elite formed ties with political leaders that persisted after the conflict. The international community has largely ignored a key correlation, and has thus failed to create a gainful, legitimate political economy: ‘The more criminalised the conflict, the more criminalised the state, economy, and society that emerge†¦criminal capital accumulated during a criminalized war has been converted to political [and economic] capital after the war.’ [45] `International finance institutions, particularly the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, mandated widespread privatisation. Bosnia, especially immediately after the Dayton Accords, lacked coherent regulatory institutions to manage market liberalisation and fair economic competition (Paris 2004). The international actors approached liberalisation before institutionalisation. Despite international oversight, this led war-time criminal elite to co-opt privatisation and deregulation. Corruption and botched privatisation efforts are in part responsible for today’s 44.5 percent unemployment rate (60 percent for 15-to-24-year-olds) and a $545/ month average wage. [46] Ostensibly, this partly caused protests in February 2014 across 30 cities throughout BiH and calls for the government’s wholesale resignation. [47] Bosnia’s post-Dayton political system facilitates this corruption through its radical decentralisation and weak regulation, failing to dismantle t he criminalized war-time economy. Bosnia’s future and the international intervention The international community’s direct intervention, in seeking to end the conflict swiftly, entrenched the confrontation in a top-down, zero-sum political system that lacks local legitimacy. If politicians adhere to international mandates, they risk alienating citizens. Local ownership, in its current form, would therefore limit external assistance. One possible remedy is to convert Bosnia to a welfare state. The international finance agencies have so far focused on establishing an environment conducive to private business. Privatisation, however, has returned few positive results. Massive, state-driven job creation could give citizens a stake in the government and spur economic development that private sector oligarchs are unwilling to approach. However, the state lacks the coherence and self-regulation to work across ethnic groups; it would require reform before taking such action, and if history is any indicator, opposing parties are likely to block any changes. Nonetheless, the international community’s neoliberal, one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable to Bosnian economic development. Bosnia faces a number of structural challenges that limit development. While it has managed to transform the competition for power through political channels, it maintains an insecure atmosphere in which Bosnians cannot hold their state accountable. In order to become more centralisedand therefore more efficientthe RS would necessarily relinquish power to the Bosniak majority. This is zero-sum dynamic that the Bosnian-Serbs find threatening. Reflecting on past tensions, they fear tyranny of the majority. Proponents of NATO and EU membership aver that membership would relieve the Bosnian factions of the fear that prevents constitutional reform. While EU membership would require the reform that it would ultimately allow, NATO membership requires less and is a relatively achievable future. [48] Nonetheless, NATO’s security guarantee does not necessarily extend to intrastate conflict. It is highly likely that NATO would intervene much swifter in a resurgent conflict in order to pr event a Srebrenica massacre redux, but that is already the case. Membership would provide measures to prevent the RS from seceding, but only to an extent; after all, this did not stop Scotland’s 2014 attempt at secession. International peacebuilding has so far provided Bosnians with security from armed conflict, though it has maintained an otherwise politically and economically insecure state. The ethnically divided country requires reform—that much is evident. While the international community is partially responsible for state’s dysfunctional structure, this does mean it should disengage from the country. On the contrary, the dysfunction has created a situation in which Bosnia is entirely dependent on international actors—disengagement could prove cataclysmic. Rather, the international community must change its strategy. Until it does, the international community must maintain a dysfunctional state, otherwise doomed to languish under ineffective domesti c leadership and international stewardship. [1] See Appendix A for a list of international actors [2] Hendrickson, Ryan. 2005. ‘History Crossing the Rubicon’. NATO Review. NATO. http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2005/issue3/english/history.html#top. [3] ‘Peace Support Operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina’. 2014. NATO. NATO. November 11. http://www.nato.int/cps/fr/natohq/topics_52122.htm?selectedLocale=en. [4] Bliesemann de Guevara, Berit States of Conflict: A case Study on Peace-Building in Bosnia-Herzegovina [5] Hawley, Leanard. 2007. Keynote Presentation: Policy and Strategies for International Intervention. The Cornwallis Group XII: Analysis for Multi-Agency Support. [6] Hawley, Keynote Presentation [7] Toal, Gerard, and Carl Dahlman. 2011. Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and Its Reversal. Oxford University Press. [8] Roland, Paris. 2010. Saving liberal peacebuilding. Review of International Studies, 36, pp337-365. [9] Belloni, Robert. 2001. ‘Civil Society and Peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina’. Journal of Peace Research 38(2). [10] Silber, Laura. 2005. ‘Dayton, 10 Years After’. The New York Times, November 5. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/21/opinion/21Silber.html?pagewanted=print_r=0. [11]Silber, Laura, and Allan Little. 1998. Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation. United States: TV Books Inc. [12] Bliesemann de Guevara, Berit. 2009. Institute for Public Policy Research. [13] idib [14] idib [15] Staff. 2014. ‘Divided Nationalists Win Bosnia Elections’. Al Jazeera, October 13. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/10/divided-nationalists-win-bosnia-elections-2014101314183747199.html. [16] Bennett, Christopher. 2010. Bosnia’s Paralysed Peace. United Kingdom: C Hurst Co Publishers Ltd. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/21/opinion/21Silber.html?pagewanted=2_r=2sq=dayton peace accordsst=nytscp=4 [17] Chandler, David. 2007. ‘The High Representative for Bosnia Still Runs It like a Feudal Fiefdom’. The Guardian, November 20. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/nov/20/russia.eu. [18] Salem, Harriet. 2014. ‘Bosnia Burning’. Foreign Policy, November 2. http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/02/11/bosnia_burning. [19] source [20] Define [21] Belloni osce 1998b:3 [22] Belloni, Ernest Hellner 1994:5 [23] Belloni [24] Belloni, Curran 1998:4 [25] Cite quote [26] Transparency international [27] Belloni [28] source [29] Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. (2004) „Greed and Grievance in Civil Warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸, Oxford Economic Papers. [30] http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01306/web/pdf/wdr background paper_walter_0.pdf [31] Secretary of defence [32] source [33] See for list of covered offenses: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Amnesty Laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 19 March 1998, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b33214.html [accessed 30 November 2014] [34] The Clandestine Political economy of war and peace in Bosnia [35] Judge Richard Holdstone, chief prosecutor of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, has argued the same: http://www.ecfr.eu/ijp/case/israel_palestine#fn1 [36] Source [37] http://www.icty.org/sections/TheCases/KeyFiguresoftheCases [38] UN poll [39] Twenty Years of International Criminal Law: From the ICTY to the ICC and Beyond Theodor Meron and Fatou Bensouda Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), Vol. 107, (April 2013), pp. 407-420 [40] World Bank [41] [42] Cigar 1995 [43] Source [44] Source [45] Source [46] [47] Source [48] Sou

Just What the Doctor Ordered :: Physicians Medicine Medical Autopsies Papers

Just What the Doctor Ordered â€Å"Hurry Dad, follow that ambulance!† I shouted as the sirens went racing by like spinning tornados. The sound of sirens always excited me and caught my curiosity. I wanted to be at the scene and to know exactly what had happened to the people involved. The next day I would anxiously wait for the newspaper to arrive, so I could read what happened. Since my dad is a police officer, I have always been intrigued by his stories of â€Å"cops and robbers.† As a result, these interests have influenced my decision to become a doctor. You may be wondering what there interests have to do with my being a doctor and why I have chosen this career path rather than that of a paramedic, a police officer, or even a news reporter. That is easy. As far back as I can remember, I have been fascinated by anything having to do with doctors. It is for all my interests in the medical field that I have decided to become a doctor. The field of medicine that would allow me to combine all these fascinations is forensic pathology. As a forensic pathologist, I will be working firsthand with investigators and the hospitals in cases where patients have died of trauma or unknown causes. Investigators will have to share all the details of the crime scenes or accidents with me. Then, I will get to play the role of Nancy Drew by putting all the pieces together to determine the actual cause of death. I will try to find out exactly what happened to every one of my patients in their last minutes of life. I have always been intrigued by mysteries; therefore, I feel this career as a forensic pathologist will be perfect for me. It is important to enjoy one’s career, so this is an excellent choice for me because it will never become dull or boring. Each autopsy that I will perform will have its own story and a new mystery for me to solve. I know I will wake up every morning anxious to go to work to see what new findings I will discover that day. You probably are wondering how I can be so excited about p eople’s dying, but I do not look at it like that.

Maya Angelou `The Graduation` Essay

P1- Summarize the essay and identify the author and title; Maya Angelou is the walking encyclopedia. She has astounding achievements to her credit. She is a great social thinker; her contribution in all the wings of literature is extraordinary! Welfare of women is very dear to her heart and therefore she is known as the Renaissance woman. Her inner world is very strong; when she speaks she mesmerizes the audience with the facts and figures and her oratorical skills. She has clearly crossed the mind barrier, she radiates peace, demolishes the structure of race-prejudice. The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed and coated with racial and ethnic prejudices, ask the crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven- like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, heart full of love and the life that refuses conflicts-these alone are enough!—ask Maya Angelou—she is the living example of all these ideals and seen the practical application of them. She is born on April 4, 1928, St. Louis, Missouri. She is the second poet in U. S. History to be given the honor of writing and reciting original work at the Presidential Inauguration in January 1993. She has written autobiographies, personal essays, children books, poetry, plays, screenplays, acting in films and plays, radio broadcasting, recordings, spoken word albums, article contribution to many important magazines and newspapers,   a linguist with fluency in seven   languages, honorary degrees of   many universities/colleges, and what not! She has lived through the crucial period of the American history when bitter race prejudices prevailed. â€Å"The Graduation,† essay shows the path of her growth during the trying time in her life. The white power structure in the South treated the black badly, rather inhumanly. The black people suffered blows to every part of their psyche, everyday in every walk of life. How local politicians used the non-political event like Graduation Ceremony to promote their own self-interests is highlighted in the essay. P2- Explain the primary aim that you see in this essay. What is the author’s main purpose? What is he or she trying to accomplish in writing this essay? The primary aim of the essay is recollection of her past, as a women belonging to the Negro race. Her writing, apart from the literary merits, seems to be simple and sweet, but behind that simplicity runs an undercurrent of steel-will, that sets a program and sees it through. Her toughened smile indicates the harsh realities she had experienced in her life. The greatest beauty of her writing is that she is free from malice. She advises you to live life in its hard trials, tribulations, duty and beauty. She makes her points by giving due weight to the pair of opposites and the need to understand and transcend them. Spirituality and love for humanity radiates throughout the essay. She says, without actually saying it verbatim, that unless the thought process of the Whites change, their action process will never change and the black race will continue to suffer. Only when the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed. The laws are there, the constitutional rights are there for the black race, but their actual implementation being biased, the ground realities are not as they should be! P3- Explain the primary mode you see in this essay? What is the method of organization (mode) used by the author? It is an autobiographical essay. This essay is the product of her experiences in the College of Self-education (real-life situations) where her mind was her Principal. Her initiatives, her Professors! Her hard work her Tutors! She was an individual who would decide on a project; she would start, and she would finish! She is one of the rare souls whom God deputes on Planet Earth, to transform a weak, subjugated race into a powerful body of responsible citizens. Essays like Graduation are not the products of intellect alone; they arrive straight from the heart. One’s experience is precious and any author can not avoid the deep impact and influence of one’s own experiences in life. Maya Angelou is not exception to this rule. â€Å"She applies three rhetorical strategies-an expressive voice, illustrative comparison and contrast, and flowing sentences bursting with vivid simile and delightful imagery to examine the personal growth of humans caught in the adversity of racial discrimination.†(Maya†¦..) The Graduation Day was the historic event in the life of small black community-they were anticipating a great recognition, the second-birth in their life. She describes that emotion, how they were trembling within, happy with the sense of anticipation of something very big that would happen soon engulf their lives, their innocence and tension, the uncertainty within the certainty etc. She did not write the essay with her pen but by her heart. It has the graceful movements of the traditional classical dance. The language is colorful like the feathers of a peacock. The moods and emotions change from paragraph to paragraph, sometimes from sentence to sentence. She creates hopes, soars high like an ace pilot and then dashes to the ground. When you are readying to laugh, you realize that your eyes are moist. You wonder how a human being can be that cruel to a fellow human being. The Graduation was a community event for the blacks. A life-time achievement award! But silent internal mourning was in store for them. With that grim experience, they all became cynical. During the Graduation ceremony a white boy, is afforded an opportunity to speak, in preference to a blacks. Maya muses, â€Å"The white kids were going to have a chance to become Galileo’s and Madame Curie’s and Edison’s and Gauguin’s, and our boys (the girls weren’t even in on it) would try to be Jesse Owensen’s and Joe Louise’s† (pg.6). But she regains her hope when her classmate Henry Reed sings the Negro National Anthem. Now Maya thinks, â€Å"We were on top again. As always, again! We survived. (pg.8). She compares the hard times of the present with the harder times of the past. The hallmark of the essay is the power of the language. It is extraordinary     like a brilliant painting in motion. Here are some of the examples:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The children were excited and ran around in the dark. †¦ having neither lawn nor hedges, not tennis court, nor climbing ivy. Its two buildings (main classrooms, the grade school and home economics) were set on a dirt hill with no fence†¦ Rusty hoops and swaying poles represented the permanent recreational equipment† (Article: 2) â€Å"My class was wearing butter-yellow pique dresses, and momma launched out on mine. She smocked the yoke into tiny crisscrossing puckers, the shirred the rest of the bodice. Her dark fingers ducked in and out of the lemony cloth as she embroidered raised daisies around the hem.†(Article: 2)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A group of small children were to be presented in a play about buttercups and daisies and bunny rabbits. They could be heard throughout the building practicing their hops and their little songs that sounded like silver bells. The older girls (non-graduates, of course) were assigned the task of making refreshments for the night’s festivities. A tangy scent of ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, and chocolate wafted around the home economics building†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Article: 2) When the Graduation ceremony ends, they return home, without joy. Like the ones back from a mourning event! P4- Explain the main point of the essay. Was the author successful in accomplishing his/her point? The main point of the essay is to highlight the social conditions that prevailed fifty-five years ago in the South in the field of education between the white and the black students. The fanciful facilities and luxuries the white children enjoyed in their schools– even the level headed Maya Angelou is driven to the wall to make the statement, it â€Å"was awful to be a Negro and have no control over my life.† She is happy that the black children and youth have made a mark in their life now. The black community has succeeded to a great extent in beating back discrimination. Their wings are strong now and they no more have to live the life of the bird in a cage. But, even on getting access to education, the job prospectuses for the black children were limited then. The South trained them in vocational studies, like carpenters, masons, maids, cooks, baby sitters etc. The White participated symbolically in the Graduation ceremonies and lectured on God, Southern way of life etc. She makes the poignant comment that the anticipated Negro National Anthem fails to play and what a disappointment it is for the black students!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ==============   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Cited Article-2: Maya Angelou. members.aol.com/sunny2345/angelou.html – 4k – Retrieved on November 27,2007. Article: Maya Angelou. www.mayaangelou.com/ShortBio.html – 5k -Retrieved on November 25, 2007.

Michigan Claims Affected by Substance Abuse

Michigan Claims Affected by Substance Abuse How Substance Abuse Could Affect a Claim The Social Security Administration (SSA) can  deny a claim for disability benefits  if they believe that substance use is a contributing factor material to the applicant’s disability.SSA issued a Policy Interpretation Ruling on February 20, 2013 to help clarify SSA’s role in evaluating cases involving drug addiction and alcoholism (DAA).[i]   SSA will first determine whether the claimant has a DAA, such as marijuana abuse.  Next, SSA will consider whether the claimant is disabled considering all of the alleged impairments, including substance abuse.  When SSA finds that substance abuse is one of the impairments, the evaluation becomes whether the applicant would still be disabled if he or she stopped abusing that substance.[ii]Importantly, at the initial application level, it’s important to be cautious about information relayed that may not be relevant or necessary to a disability claim. While an applicant must be truthful in his or her application, we have found that oftentimes applicants will include substance abuse as a â€Å"disability† on their application when such use may have only been in the past and may not be material to their disability.  In fact, even if DAA actually caused the medical condition or disability, it doesn’t automatically follow that such use is material to the disability. For example, alcoholic hepatitis or liver failure can be caused or worsened by alcohol use. However, SSA must first go through the above evaluation to determine essentially whether the individual would still be disabled if he or she were to altogether stop abusing alcohol; and, if the answer is â€Å"yes† that the individual would still be disabled, then alcohol abuse is not considered â€Å"material† to the individual’s disability, and he or she still may be eligible to receive disability benefits.Furthermore, we have found that when the individual’s disability includes mental or psychiatric conditions, he or she may have a more difficult time showing that substance abuse is not a contributing factor material to their disability. This is the case because DAA can come in the form of stimulants and depressants – causing individuals to exhibit many of the same symptoms that are manifested by individuals with mental or psychiatric disabilities like depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder to name a few. Nevertheless, even with ongoing use, doctors and mental health specialists can sometimes discern whether an individual’s DAA is material. Our attorneys draft both Physical and Mental Residual Functional Capacity Questionnaires for our client’s treating physicians and specialists to complete that can help SSA understand not only the claimant’s limitations, but also whether DAA is material to his or her disability. These Questionnaires become additional evidence that can help result in a favorable outcome for our clients. To talk with one of our   Social Security Disability attorneys, and schedule a free consultation,  call us  at  (888) 678-5839.[i] See SSR 13-2p. This Ruling rescinds and replaces SSR 82-60 â€Å"Titles II and XVI: Evaluation of Drug Addiction and Alcoholism.†[ii] In other words, SSA will determine whether DAA is â€Å"material† to the finding of disability in that case. 20 CFR 404.1535 and 416.935. Substance Abuse

How Long Is Long Enough Essay

How Long Is Long Enough Essay How Long Is Long Enough? Essay How long is long enough? Discrimination in its broad meaning is a treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit. Today, most cases of discrimination that are brought to court are related to employment discrimination. The plaintiffs have different reasons for filing a discrimination lawsuit against their employers. Some employees file a lawsuit because they were denied a promotion, other file a complaint because they are paid unequally with their co-workers who have same qualification and job performance as them. Additionally, there are other employees who bring a complaint against their former and future employers because they were fired or could not be hired to a specific job they feel they are qualified to do. However, not anyone can file a discrimination lawsuit. In order to file a discrimination complaint against your employer you have to be a mem ber of a protected class. According to the textbook, title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its amendments prohibits job discrimination against employees, applicants, and union members on the basis of race, color, nation of origin, religion, and gender at any stage of employment. (Cross Miller, 2012) However, seeing that today member of minority groups and women have made enough economic progress in the last several decades compared to 1964, it is fair to ask this question: do members of protected groups still need special legislation to protect them? This is not an easy question to answer because everyone has different opinion on this issue, but regardless of what other people think, it would be fair to ask this question instead: for how long will special legislation that protect minority groups and women last? The truth is that there is still a long way to go since new forms of discrimination keep evolving, like weight discrimination and pregnancy discrimination for instance. According to Svetlana Shkolnikova in â€Å"Weight discrimination could be as common as racial bias; Studies find a surge in reported cases†, weight discrimination, especially in USA society, is increasing and is as common as racial discrimination. Shkolnikova continues by stating that two studies claim this. One study claims that reported discrimination based on weight has increased from 7% to 12% in the USA which is a 66% increase in the last decade. The other study says that such discrimination is common in both institutional and interpersonal situations. It is even dominant than rates of discrimination based on race and gender in some case. Moreover, Shkolnikova says that according to Rebecca Puhl of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University, a co-author of both studies, weight discrimination is a very serious social problem that we need to pay attention to. Institutional discrimination according to Puhl involves health care, education or workplace situ ations, such as cases in which people say that they were fired, denied a job or promotion because of their weight. Interpersonal discrimination on the other hand focuses on insults, abuses and harassments from others. Currently there is no Federal laws against weight discrimination exist and Puhl states that weight discrimination will not decrease until attitudes change and laws begin addressing it. (Shkolnikova, 2008) Another example of an increasing new form of discrimination is a pregnancy discrimination that women face. According to Stephanie Armour in â€Å"Pregnant workers report growing discrimination†, the number of women claiming they have been discriminated against on the job because they are pregnant is soaring even as the birth rate declines. Armour continues by stating that according to an analysis of government data by the Washington-based National Partnership for Women Families, from fiscal year 1992 to 2003 pregnancy discrimination complaints filed

Purposes and Practices of Liberal Art Colleges Essay

Purposes and Practices of Liberal Art Colleges - Essay Example The greatest philosopher, Socrates too believed that the most important knowledge that a person should learn is â€Å"how best to live†. Moreover, the goal of education should be to â€Å"know what you can; and even more importantly, to know what you do not know.† In other words, the more you gain knowledge, the more you can gain knowledge and this is what a liberal arts education aims to do. This method of education truly follows the philosophy of Socrates. Indeed in today’s modern world, a liberal arts education has become essential as it provides teachings in varied fields that groom individuals to face and handle the intricacy, diversity and transformations of life in the best possible ways. Developing effective academic and practical aptitudes such as communication, logical and crisis management skills, profound feelings of social responsibility, and a demonstrated proficiency to utilize knowledge and skills in realism and thereby, creating a well rounded pe rsonality has always been the main purpose of education in liberal arts colleges. In this paper, we shall discuss both the pros and cons of teachings in liberal art colleges simultaneously establishing the fact that â€Å"the purpose of a liberal arts college is to provide a student with knowledge, not only of his/her intended profession, but knowledge of many different professions to create a well rounded person.† ... As Socrates, the greatest teacher of all times, had preached that the primary aim of education should be to enhance the understanding of his students rather than merely defining theories since it develops the power of critical thinking in the students. Moreover, such an education leads the students towards knowledge and turns them into a well rounded person (Plato n.pag). By a well rounded person, we mean a person who is an expert not only in his field but varied fields, has the aptitude of thinking critically, solving problems analytically, making independent decisions, and comprehending new ideas. In addition, a person who has understood the art of living, has gained wisdom and developed into a good human being and this is what a liberal arts education aims to do. In The Republic, the Greek philosopher, Plato has emphasized that a well rounded education should include the study of mathematics, poetry, astronomy and poetry. Although our fields of study have broadened vastly since hi s days, his basic message is still the motivation behind the practice of liberal arts education. Plato always advocated his students to value logic and order, ideals, and beauty. Even though the subjects of science, literature, government, history and societies were added by the teachers in recent times, the main motto of liberal education still remained the same. It was intended to develop the power of critical analysis in an individual, so important for achieving wisdom and virtue (Plato &Biase n.pag). Furthermore, a liberal arts education aims to make students creative thinkers as well as problem solvers by providing them with a background in several fields states Harrer. Students in this type of colleges