Personal Narrative Mistaken Identity - 1302 Words

Mistaken Identity I have always been quiet and lonely, I find peace in being this way. I live in a high spot tucked away from everyone. After all, the people I live with have no clue I am living up here. I have lived here for a very long time, my whole life I believe. I stay hidden when I think someone is coming. This morning I was woke up from being so cold. I decide to creep over to the dusty window. I try not to make any noise to make sure I do not give myself away by being heard. I peek out the window and I see that the ground is pure white. I have always longed to be able to stretch out my legs on the real ground, but I am stuck here. It seems impossible to try and escape from here, I am scared I will get caught. Suddenly I†¦show more content†¦There is food left on the counter and it has attracted some bugs. I quickly grab some food and eat it there. It is too much of a hassle to bring food all the way upstairs. Once I am finished I clean up my evidence and leave thi ngs the way I found them. This is another precaution I take so I am not caught. On the way upstairs I pass the tree again and stare at it for some time. I decide to leave what I call a treasure on the tree. My treasures are what I make in my free time, which I have a lot of. Once I am back upstairs I crawl back into my bed and fall back to sleep from a full belly. Early this morning I was awoke from approaching footsteps. â€Å"It’s nice to be finally doing this.† said the mother as she steps into the attic. â€Å"We might find some old treasures up here.† As he sorts through several boxes. â€Å" I wonder if they are talking about my treasures?† I think to myself. While the couple were busy sorting through boxes, I remained in my bed. I put my bed in a huge hole in the wall. I placed it there for days like this, when I am barged in on and there is no time for me to hide. â€Å"EWWW!† the mother cries as she jumps away from a dead roach. â€Å" We need to call Pete today.† She says to the father as they both begin to leave the attic. â€Å"Okay I’ll call him now.† Says the father as he reaches in his pocket for his phone. â€Å"He’ll get this place cleanedShow MoreRelatedThemes Of American Psycho910 Words   |  4 Pagesappearances with daily workouts and beautification routines. This film reflects the â€Å"yuppie† culture of America in the 1980s, more specifically, the materialism/consumerism and identity that are desired by man in order to fit in and be accepted by society. The themes of needing to consume, conform, and needing to know your identity still resonates with today’s society. 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Many Christians have encountered this statement, which I thought this would be simplistic to address: 1. â€Å"Or some might protest that they just don’t know what is meant by God since this concept doesn’t remotely resemble anything we experience

Symptoms Of Rett Syndrome ( Rtt ) Usually Manifests As A...

Rett Syndrome (RTT) usually manifests as a severely debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder. This genetic disorder was once classified in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM IV and DSM IV-TR) as a part of Autism because many of the initial signs of the disorder, such as loss of receptive and expressive language skills, social/pragmatic skills, and stereotypical hand movements are traits expected to be seen in someone with Autism. However, there are key differences between the two disorders, namely the hand movements in Rett Syndrome are not the ones that are typically seen in ASD, children with Rett Syndrome often prefer people instead of objects and enjoy receiving affection from others. (RS.org ref) This disorder mostly presents in female children at a rate of 1:10,000-15,000 births and appears in every race and ethnic group around the world. This disorder rarely manifests in males, but when it does, the child usually does not survive, passing away shortly after birth (ninds). Rett Syndrome is thought to be caused by a mutation on the X chromosome in the MECP2 gene. There are four different types of Rett Syndrome including: typical or classic, early seizure or congenital onset, late onset, and preserved speech. (Rs.org) The diagnosis of either classic/typical RTT or a variant is done by a pediatric neurologist, developmental pediatrician, or a clinical geneticist (ninds) using a RTT Diagnostic Criteria Worksheet. According to Hagberg (2002), a child with classic RTT

Mean Girls Free Essays

English 101 11 December 2012 Long Assignment: Mean Girls Discourse Gee’s theory of Discourse is that mushfaking can never be successful without already being native within that Discourse or learning the Discourse early on through apprenticeship. The movie Mean Girls is an example to confirm Gee’s claims, but also the claim of constant resistance and reform to mushfake a dominant Discourse well, needs to be included. If the claim is not included, values will conflict between primary and secondary Discourses. We will write a custom essay sample on Mean Girls or any similar topic only for you Order Now The conflict of values in Mean Girls demonstrates the dangers of mushfaking a dominant Discourse and proves that mushfaking itself is not enough to become successful without resistance and reform efforts, which in consequence, will lead to identity conflicts and a retreat from the dominant Discourse. Gee expressed the primary Discourse as the identity learned early in life from parents and home society (Gee). In the movie Mean Girls, Cady Heron, the main character, is from Africa. Her primary Discourse is that of the values and beliefs instilled upon her from her parents and the society of Africa. The customs are completely different in Africa than they are in America, where Cady moves to attend high school after being homeschooled all her life. Throughout Cady’s journey in high school she is constantly making a reference to the way problems would have been dealt with in Africa. Whenever a problem would arise, Cady would imagine everyone acting like animals and settling the problem through a fight from dominance like actual animals would in Africa. Cady makes this reference because her primary Discourse presented that each problem should be solved in such a manner, that she believed this how a situation in America would be handled. With a strong connection to her primary Discourse, many conflicts and tension arose between Cady’s secondary Discourse and her primary Discourse. The first conflict comes from a test put in place to become part of the dominant Discourse. The dominant Discourse always preforms a Christmas dance at the school’s annual talent show. This dance is a scandalizing performance that showcases the dominant Discourse’s sex appeal and confirms Cady’s cceptance into the dominant Discourse. The short leather skirts, tight low cut leather shirts, and high-healed leather boots, conflict to the modest clothing of Cady’s primary Discourse. Cady’s parents were in the audience to watch the dance and gasped in shock and distaste to the way their daughter was now presenting hersel f to others. For Cady to continue to mushfake her way into the dominant Discourse, she had to perform the ultimate task, adding a person into the infamous Burn Book. The Burn Book is a scrapbook that holds pictures of every girl in the junior class (Mean Girls). A nasty rumor about them is added to make the dominant Discourse seem as though they are above all others. At this point Cady was still not included in the dominant Discourse, but she did go through with adding a new face into the Burn book to be accepted as one of them. In the end the Burn Book, after Cady admitted to being the author, was the main reason Cady was rejected by society as the head of the dominant Discourse and returned to her primary Discourse. The dominant Discourse told Cady through overt instruction how to become like them, which was also a key factor to her imminent downfall from the dominant Discourse. Cady learned how to become part of the dominant Discourse through overt instruction. Overt instruction is strictly telling a person how to become a part of a Discourse, rather than show them how to behave and act, apprenticeship. The dominant Discourse would tell Cady what to wear, when to wear it, who to talk to, and what clubs she could and could not join. By learning the way of the dominant Discourse through overt instruction rather than apprenticeship, Cady was not able to successfully mushfake the dominant Discourse for too long and eventually returned to her primary Discourse. While in Africa, Cady and her family were very close and spent a lot of time together. Once Cady moved from Africa and mushfakes enough to be accepted into the dominant Discourse, her sense of cohesiveness with her family begins to diminish. Cady did well in math while being homeschooled in Africa and was doing well in high-level calculus while in high school. Cady was asked to be a part of the mathletes but the mathletes were deemed as nerds to the dominant Discourse and would bring down their social status (Mean Girls). She then began to fail math tests to impress the dominant discourse and a popular guy, while appearing unintelligent to have the guy tutor her as well as proving worthy to become a part of the dominant Discourse. Her parents on the other hand, knew Cady was intelligent when it came to math, so when Cady started to bring home math tests with failing grades to have her parents sign the tests, they became worried that they pushed her to hard to join the public high school so early into moving. The conflict was that Cady was exceptionally good at math but she had to appear not to be in order to impress the dominant Discourse as well as the guy. She knew she was good at math and knew that she shouldn’t let her grades or parents down, but mushfaking math was a key point to become one in the dominant Discourse. Becoming a part of the dominant Discourse comes with certain responsibilities. Cady had to throw a party to become the head of the dominant discourse, but in order to throw this party she had to lie to her parents and cancel a family trip that had been in place for months. Tension arises when Cady can no longer be trusted by her parents for throwing the party and lying to them. During the party Cady’s main goal is to get together with the popular guy to confirm her place as the head of the dominant Discourse. While Cady is working on her plan for the popular guy, people throw sacred African urns that were given as parting gifts to her family from tribes in Africa. The throwing of the urns is an example of the two Discourses coming together. Cady’s secondary Discourse, the American high school crowd, clashed with her primary Discourse because Cady no longer cared about her primary Discourse or the throwing of the sacred urns, but only cared about her advancement in the secondary and dominant Discourse. In order to mushfake a dominant Discourse well, constant resistance and reform needs to be made. Cady was not willing to continue to reform to the needs of the dominant Discourse, so she fell from her mushfaked head position in the dominant Discourse to retreat back to her primary Discourse. She disassociated from the dominant Discourse and fell back into the non-dominant Discourse, the Discourse that does not bring social goods, but solidarity (Gee). Cady joined the mathletes and returned to the friends she made before she mushfaked her way into the dominant Discourse. Cady also fixes her relationship with her parents and the conflicts and tension with her primary Discourse. Works Cited Gee, James Paul. â€Å"What Is Literacy? † Literacy, Discourse, and Linguistics: Introduction and What Is Literacy? Print. Mean Girls. Dir. Mark Walters. Perf. Lindsay Lohan. 2004. DVD. How to cite Mean Girls, Essay examples Mean Girls Free Essays Stacy Gregg Sociology M/W 11:30 Sociological Themes Sociology is everywhere we look, its everything thing we are, and can be described within everything we do. The traditional focuses of sociology have included social stratification, social class, culture, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, and deviance. As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects, such as health, medical, military and penal institutions, the Internet, and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Mean Girls or any similar topic only for you Order Now Looking through films you can see many sociological themes. I chose to look at â€Å"Mean Girls† and pull the sociological themes out. Mean Girls is a movie about a girl, Cady, who moves to the US from Africa and starts at a new school. She immediately befriends two outcasts, who explain the school’s social scene. There are a group of three girls (the â€Å"Plastics†) who are popular, malicious and rule the school. As a trick, these three girls befriend Cady. Her outcast friends encourage her to hang out with the Plastics to see what they do. But as she spends more time with them, she becomes more and more like them, backstabbing, mean, self-obsessed, and superficial. When Cady and the leader of the Plastics go after the same guy, she begins to plot their destruction, and starts sabotaging the girls in worse and worse ways. Eventually she separates from her original friends and her Plastic friends. When the entire school finds out about some of the terrible things the Plastics have said about them by finding a â€Å"Burn Book† everyone turns against the Plastics and Cady. Eventually, she must apologize to everyone she hurt and begin to find a way to become a better person. The first sociological theme I would like to address is stereotypes. A stereotype is defined as a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Mean Girls portrays high school stereo types rather well, at school there are groups such as try-hards, wannabes, burn-outs, band geeks, nerds, the popular girls, the jocks and art freaks. All the girls wants to be a plastic so to speak and they all display it in different ways like how the girls who eat nothing are trying to be thin so they can be like the plastics, but the girls who eat their feelings are also trying to be a plastic but by eating they are showing I don’t care what anybody thinks of me, which is a popular trait. Then when everyone is explaining Regina George and one girl says â€Å"One time she punched me in the face†¦ It was awesome! † this implies that this â€Å"wannabe† made contact with Regina George even though it is contact most people don’t what it is contact nonetheless which she hopes has passed on a bit of Regina George’s popularity. References: (2011, 04). â€Å"Mean Girls† Analysis. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 04, 2011, from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Mean-Girls-Analysis-676080. html How to cite Mean Girls, Essay examples Mean Girls Free Essays Celebrity Culture in Mean Girls Mean Girls, written by Tina Fey and directed by Mark Waters, takes Its viewers through high school from the perspective of Caddy Heron, a young girl who never known what â€Å"high school† genuinely meant. Upon arrival, she makes friends with Janis and Diana, who were in the stereotypical â€Å"unpopular† crowd. They warn her to stay away from â€Å"The Plastics†, an exclusive clique that includes three drama-filled girls who are superficial, spiteful, and have vicious attitudes that obtain their power and fame from beauty and glamour. We will write a custom essay sample on Mean Girls or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, â€Å"The Plastics† ask Caddy to Join them. Caddy, Janis, and Diana together plot against the leader of The Plastics, Regina George, the most monstrous of them all. In reality, the more time Caddy spends with The Plastics, the more she starts to actually become one. The Plastics themselves show how monstrous qualities are formed in celebrity culture, while the use of Caddy is the perfect example of how culture builds up celebrities to break them back down. The Plastics took Caddy, someone who was naive and candid, and turned her Into something she Is not through the manipulation of their own standards and rules. Celebrity culture heavily relies on qualities of manipulation. This was done through thru burn book, etc Rumors and lies are one are heavily used in manipulation. This is the epitome of celebrity gossip, shown in Mean Girls through Regina George. Regina finds out Caddy has a crush on Aaron Samuels, her ex boyfriend, and promises Caddy that she would talk to Aaron for her; however, Regina fabricates lies to Aaron; â€Å"She [Caddy] writes all over her notebook ‘Mrs.. Aaron Samuels’. And she made this tee-shirt that says, ‘l heart Aaron’, and she wears it under all her clothes†¦ She saved this Kleenex you used and she said she’s going to do some kind of African voodoo with it to make you like her†. Evidence In nineteenth century literature Is provided In Frankincense, when Victor Frankincense manipulates his monster through lies: He tells his monster he would create a female companion for him, and afterward declares â€Å"Bygone! I do break my promise: never will I create another like yourself, equal in deformity and wickedness† and proceeds â€Å"to [tear] to pieces the thing on which [he] was engaged† (175). Both Regina and Victor broke their promises, developing a kind of behavior that is so focused on policing others, they almost seem to lose track of themselves; they are so busy broadcasting what they hate, and so focused on consumption of their rival with their loathsome fascination, they do not realize their own personalities turn monstrous. They become so engrossed in this idea, they are unable to distinguish that this hate they developed is the sole reason for their viciousness and misery. This happens when one must realize one’s own identity Is crafted from the act of hating. It almost seems Like superficial celebrities In celebrity ultra love, yet hate, to be hated; yet they love the act of hating, and use this hate to surround their world. This kind of â€Å"high school† attitude filled with rumors and Lies that Regina possesses exists in the celebrity world, and if it continues, it will influence animosity and disgust, that a world of peace, accuracy, and love may no longer be accomplished. Another key to manipulation is secrecy. There are countless examples of this in Mean Girls. For example, the scene of The Plastics when they are all on the phone; When Gretchen was on the phone with Caddy, it turned out to be a three-way call with Regina, but Caddy didn’t know. This complexity progress when viewers realize the girls are all interlinked, all on the phone with each other on separate lines; Karen gets a call from Regina, puts her on hold, and proceeds to talk to Gretchen and says, â€Å"It’s Regina, she wants to hang out tonight but she told me not to tell you†. This is similar to the theme of secrecy in Frankincense: Victor states, â€Å"The world to me, is a secret, which I desired to discover† (26), â€Å"l have one secret, Elizabeth, a dreadful one; when revealed to you, it will chill your frame with horror† (218), and he refuses to tell the secret to his audience, telling them to â€Å"listen patiently until the end of [his] story, with which [he] is acquainted with† (44). This is similar to Mantilla, where â€Å"[her father] has a secret grief that destroys [them] both: but [he] must permit [Mantilla] to win this secret from [him]† (47). The fact that one possesses a secret, holds it vital, and purposely shields it from the world acknowledges a kind of unmoral sin, or practical wrongdoing; celebrities allow these secrets to internally eat them alive like in Frankincense and Mantilla, or whether it makes their behavior more aggressive eke in Mean Girls, these secrets have the ability to change and manipulate others. In celebrity culture, a secret is a form of power, yet vulnerability – a secret itself could stand for everything one can’t see. The public blows these secrets up with crazy ideas and provides evidence with the theories they project onto it. The secret could mean nothing, yet everything, at the same time. This is because that a secret exists. It does not matter what the secret actually is, because the people who spread the knowledge of the secret form its monstrosity. The people have ample opportunity to take control, seceding as a whole or individuals whether they want to make up a rumor, lie, tell the truth, say nothing, or contribute to the situation. The people are monsters, because they take complete control over the situation. An example of this is all of Lord’s â€Å"fans† who (most likely) made her miserable because they did not approve of the physical appearance of her boyfriend. [A concluding sentence is needed here] Manipulation is also acquired through self-pity, which is shown in Mean Girls with the Burn Book. The Burn Book, which belongs to Regina George, is a book essentially signed to bully her classmates: it has students’ pictures with mean phrases, secrets, and other things about them. Regina takes her book, puts her own picture on it, and writes something mean about herself. She then reports it to her school’s principal and says, â€Å"l found it in the girl’s bathroom! It’s so mean†. This is similar to when Victor seeks sympathy from Elizabeth in Frankincense: â€Å"If you knew what I have suffered from, and what I may yet endure, you would endeavor to let me taste the quiet, and freedom from despair, that this one day at least permits me to enjoy’ (222). In The Complete Poems and Selected Letters of John Keats, in a short poem called â€Å"When I have Fears†, self-pity is asked for when Keats shows he is in pain, likes the pain, and wants to be acknowledged for his pain: â€Å"Of the wide world I stand alone, and think Till love and fame to nothingness do sink† (301). Just like Keats and Shelley, their own needs. Regina did this Just so she could get Caddy in trouble, Frankincense did this to make it look like it wasn’t entirely his fault for the monster’s actions, and Keats uses his fans’ sympathy to become liked. The public falls into a part of this ultra, where one blames someone else; even the victims themselves get blamed for fault. Besides from celebrities’ success, looks, and wealth, it is not uncommon for the public to condone that they are people, humans, Just like them. The public is essentially casting a negative eye upon themselves. Celebrities have people who work with them to help mold their image, but the impossible standards of beauty and perfection they try to fulfill originates from the endless, harsh scrutiny the public places upon them. When a celebrity breaks this image, or differs from the norm, they automatically are seen as monstrous, resulting in sneering and degrading comments from fans. This monstrosity on the celebrities has a counter-effect on the fans; every time there is a mean comment, they are normalizing harsh Judgment, extreme reactions, and offensive language. Celebrity culture takes the blame on how the public has developed a cruel society, through self-pity. Another quality of manipulation used in celebrity culture is feigning their own innocence; this is seen quite often in Mean Girls. Gretchen bullies Regina for violating the rules of their â€Å"girl world† by wearing sweatpants on Monday, and Regina lams she is forced to wear sweatpants because, â€Å"sweatpants are all that fits [her] right now’, implying she is â€Å"innocent† because it is not her fault she has to wear those. Another scene is where Regina claims innocence is during lecture, (â€Å"workshop†), in the gym, after the Burn Book is discovered: Regina claims, â€Å"Can I Just say we don’t have a clique problem at this school, and some of us shouldn’t have to take this workshops because some of us are victims in this situation? Regina implies she is â€Å"innocent†, and she herself is a victim. The teacher responds, â€Å"That’s probably rue, how many of you have ever felt personally victimize by Regina George? † Actual innocence and feigning innocence is a huge role in Frankincense: though Victor blames himself for the monster killing his family, despite his creation, he convinces himself that he is â€Å"innocent† and expresses how he feels like the victim. Victor is a contradiction: he is innocent, yet, uses that to his advantage to feign his innocence. He is innocent because he has never intended his creation to turn into an actual form of monstrosity, but yet, feigns innocence by his hiding his guilt and hiding his knowledge about his family’s deaths. Victor’s innocence decreases over time throughout the novel; his â€Å"UN-innocent† behavior destroys the monster’s innocence. Victor is performing an act that could be considered â€Å"monstrous† in manipulation by taking away the genuine innocence of one who was never given a chance to prove that innocence. At first Victor decides to â€Å"at least listen to [the monster’s] tale† (105), but later on, he decides to â€Å"tore to pieces†¦ The thing on which the creature’s] future existence he depended for happiness† (190), not giving the monster a chance to uphold its promise. Celebrities start out with genuine innocence, become corrupted, and may attempt to feign their innocence through their roles – However, once celebrities feign their innocence they are portrayed as â€Å"monstrous†, they are not given a chance to stick up for themselves properly without media and public interference. Lindsay Loan, off the set of Mean Girls, got into drugs, which could â€Å"feign innocence†, and assume that she had no role in her fans doing drugs. According to Good Charlotte, this kind of manipulation is the price of having a lifestyle of â€Å"the rich and the famous† (song lyrics). The most vital quality in manipulation is the key tactic in order to be able to get away with spreading rumors and lies, maintain secrecy, create self-pity, and feign illness. Control itself is the piece that connects all of these qualities. Throughout Mean Girls, there are many scenes were one of The Plastics are in control: At the talent show at school, Regina demands for Gretchen to switch sides with Caddy. When Gretchen protests, Regina says, â€Å"Right now you’re getting on my last nerve. Switch! † Gretchen acknowledges this control by obeying. Caddy was also acknowledging control hen she fulfills Region’s invite to eat lunch with them â€Å"everyday for the rest of the week†. In the beginning of the movie, Regina took control of Caddy social life. Halfway through, Caddy became the center of attention; she gained control of Region’s previous fame and publicity and made it her own. The previous examples also hint at some aspect of control. Control is also seen in Frankincense, where the monster says, Mimi are my creator, but I am your master;-obey! (174). Victor chooses condone the monster, and the monster responds by taking control, killing all of Victor’s family embers. Control in Charitable is implied when Geraldine takes on a role of masculinity: â€Å"lay down by the maiden’s side: And in her arms the maid she took† (250-251). In The Major Works, â€Å"Farewell to a Lady’ by Lord Byron shows how a womanâ€⠄¢s beauty takes control of his life: â€Å"In flight I shall be surely wise, Escaping from temptation’s snare; I cannot view my Paradise, Without the wish of dwelling there† (1). By the word â€Å"flight†, viewers can assume he is going to commit suicide as a means to control the elimination of all ties with the Earthly Paradise’s temptation. This kind of intro can relate to monstrosity and celebrity culture in a number of ways; first, one can see that the society of celebrity culture is so monstrously powerful, it is out of the control of the public to change it. Only the celebrities themselves have control of their own lives and culture and how they want to live it. Second, celebrity culture has so much control and influence over their audience, that they are not only controlling their own lives, but dominating American culture as a whole. By celebrities constantly sleeping with one another, taking part in the lies, secrecy, self-pity, and feigning their innocence inspires the public to act in the same manner. Third, by the news being so obsessed with the daily lives of celebrities, it almost implies as if they are encouraging the public to become more and more like celebrity stalkers. Lastly, they manipulate the public into believing their redefined definition of happiness, which solely consists of money, fame, and beauty. Rumors, lies, secrecy, self-pity, feigning innocence, and control all tangle together to layer and overlap and form manipulation; celebrity manipulators do not only have control of their own world, but also wish to control the world of others. This allows them to occupy both worlds at the same time, with their rules, in their way: how much more control could a person possibly want? These qualities of manipulation in celebrity culture are allowing people to lose touch with things that are the most important in life, like friends and family. Celebrity culture is so controlling that it even takes over the roles of others. In Celebrity Culture: Are Americans Too Focused on Celebrities, Tompkins, a group an example of how celebrities are taking the roles of [super] heroes: â€Å"When I ask allege and high school students who their heroes are, they usually name celebrities, such as athletes or movie stars, not names that did something heroic or noteworthy. (Tompkins 4). Celebrity culture is now one of our prime sources of entertainment; ultimately, celebrity culture manipulates to control their audience’s society in such a monstrous way so they are not able to distinguish the difference between genuine importance and the importance of celebrity news. One day, I fear genuinely important news, (politics, world news, emergency issues) will be ignored unless it i s presented as a source of entertainment, like celebrity culture. How to cite Mean Girls, Papers

Development of Red Pulp Macrophages †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Development of Red Pulp Macrophages. Answer: Introduction Crayfish absorbs sodium and chloride ions from very dilute solutions. Absorption is continuous as part of salt balance mechanism. There is a salt balance when the salt uptake rate equals the total salt lost. The crayfish for this experiment was acclimated to low sodium concentration for two weeks. This experiment intends to investigate how sodium is absorbed and lost by crayfish to its environment. The Crayfish was rinsed off with distilled water and its weight recorded. It was placed in the measured volume of the appropriate experimental sodium concentration. After five minutes time 0 sample was taken by removing a 5ml water sample into a clean tube and time recorded. This step was repeated at 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Using the correct worksheet calibration curve, values were entered into the grey cells, and sample photometer readings were added to obtain sodium concentration for the sample. The values for the medium sodium concentration and uptake rate were then entered on the class results table on the whiteboard before leaving the laboratory. On week two, a worksheet was provided and the data was filled in to complete it. All the green cells were filled The mean and standard error values were calculated both for the sodium concentration in the water and sodium influx rate. Passive sodium loss was determined, and Jmax values were derived Freshwater crayfish are hyperosmotic regulators that live in streams whose sodium concentrations are lower than that of their blood. Environment sodium concentration ranges between 0.05 to 1 mm/l while that of the blood is greater than 200 mm/l. The mass of the crayfish after rinsing off with distilled water was 33.117g while the mean value for the sodium concentration was 0.074 with a sodium concentration uptake rate of 0.156mol/g.h. The results showed the Passive sodium loss rate in the crayfish to be at 0.130 mol/g.h. Since sodium influx is achieved by specific membrane protein, then the maximal flux capacity of the sodium was 5.33 mol/g.h with a transport affinity of 1.82mmol/h.Freshwater Crayfish and its surroundings have an indirectly proportional relationship. It is shown evidently in the results of the experiment when the external sodium concentration rises as the internal concentration decreases. This is because freshwater crayfish are osmoregulators and they need to balance the internal and external environments. Ions are lost continuously from the crayfish to its environment across the gills. The amount of sodium lost depends on the difference in sodium concentration inside the animal and its environment (Juel et al., 2013). Since the animal loses a lot of sodium, there is need of compensating for this and can be achieved by absorbing ions from the medium using specialized cells in the gills.These are two bean shaped organs on the spine located below the ribs and behind the belly. They are designed for filtering the blood, controlling the balance of the body fluids, keeping the right levels of electrolytes and getting rid of waste (Kohyama et al., 2009). Each kidney contains tiny filters known as nephrons. Kidney failure can occur when blood stops flowing in. When the blood enters the kidney, waste is get rid of, and then salt, minerals and water are adjusted if need be. The blood which is filtered goes back into the body while the remaining is turne d into urine. The urine assembles in the pelvis of the kidney which drains down the ureter to the bladder.Kidneys are part of the urinary system. There are 6 basic functions of the kidney namely, hormone production, waste and toxins excretion, PH, ion concentrations, osmolarity and external volume regulation. Antidiuretic hormone is responsible for controlling reabsorption of water in the collecting duct (Razani, Woodman, Lisanti, 2002). Sodium ions present in the proximal tubule are then reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. The chlorides passing across the epithelium take the transcellular route during their movement. Water diffuses across the concentration gradient when crossing the epithelium. Reabsorption of glucose in the kidney tubule is determined by the presence or lack of the glucose cotransporter known as the SGLT1 and 2 (Motohashi et al., 2002). The kidney function is measured by inulin which determines the rate of glomerular filtration. Maintenance of systematic acid/base balance is made possible by the proximal tubule. In the proximal tubule, the angiotensin II increases regulation of water and sodium excretion. The protein inside red blood cells is hemoglobin and it carries oxygen. They are inside the bone marrow and lives for about 120 days before death (Perico et al., 2004).1ml of mammalian blood was diluted using 5 ml of saline which was isotonic in a glass test-tube and mixed. 1ml of blood was diluted using 5 ml tap water and mixed. The same volume of blood in step 2 was added to 5 ml of each of the isosmotic test solutes. Membranes of the red blood cells are is-osmotic with the blood plasma and have high permeability to water. Osmotic concentration of the cell is encompasses proteins and other solutes that cannot cross the blood cell membrane and are impermeable. It also contains permeable sodium and chloride ions. Due to this, there is a gradient for sodium ions to diffuse from plasma into the cells. The cell therefore needs to correct this by pumping out excess sodium ions through the sodium pump. When placed in a hypo-osmotic solution, water moves into the cell leading to swelling and eventually bursting of the cell. The bursting of the cell is known as hemolysis (Prtner, Langenbuch, Reipschlger, 2004). Hemoglobin is released into the solution when the cell ruptures. Hemolysis is directly proportional to the permeability of the solute. Hemolysis is caused by streptomycin enzyme. References Juel, C., Lundby, C., Sander, M., Calbet, J. A. L., Hall, G. V. (2003). Human skeletal muscle and erythrocyte proteins involved in acid?base homeostasis: adaptations to chronic hypoxia. The Journal of physiology, 548(2), 639-648. Kohyama, M., Ise, W., Edelson, B. T., Wilker, P. R., Hildner, K., Mejia, C., ... Murphy, K. M. (2009). Role for Spi-C in the development of red pulp macrophages and splenic iron homeostasis. Nature, 457(7227), 318. Motohashi, H., Sakurai, Y., Saito, H., Masuda, S., Urakami, Y., Goto, M., ... Inui, K. I. (2002). Gene expression levels and immunolocalization of organic ion transporters in the human kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(4), 866-874. Perico, N., Cattaneo, D., Sayegh, M. H., Remuzzi, G. (2004). Delayed graft function in kidney transplantation. The Lancet, 364(9447), 1814-1827. Prtner, H. O., Langenbuch, M., Reipschlger, A. (2004). Biological impact of elevated ocean CO 2 concentrations: lessons from animal physiology and earth history. Journal of Oceanography, 60(4), 705-718. Razani, B., Woodman, S. E., Lisanti, M. P. (2002). Caveolae: from cell biology to animal physiology. Pharmacological reviews, 54(3), 431-467.